Prevalence and risk factors associated with anal intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-positive men in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of, and associated factors with, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) among HIV-positive men evaluated at public health services in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multicenter cross-sectional study of HIV-positive male patients attending 6 public AIDS referral clinics in urban Brazil. Participants were interviewed for sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Anal swab specimens were collected for anal cytology and HPV DNA testing using L1 polymerase chain reaction. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors associated with the presence of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and/or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). RESULTS: Anal swabs were collected from 343 participants. Prevalence of LSIL/HSIL was 24.8%. The majority (60.1%) reported sexual intercourse with both men and women in their lifetime. At least 36.7% had 1 or more oncogenic HPV types. Four variables were independently associated with the presence of LSIL/HSIL in multivariate analysis: history of sex with both men and women (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8) or men only (OR = 6.2) compared with those having sex with women only; current cigarette smoking (OR = 2.2); current CD4(+) level between 200 and 500 cells/mm(3) (OR = 2.9) or below 200 cells/mm(3) (OR = 3.8) compared with CD4(+) level above 500 cells/mm(3); and presence of oncogenic anal HPV infection (OR = 9.6). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of AIN among HIV-positive men in Brazil. This population may serve as an important bridge population to women with implications for anogenital HPV infection in both men and women. Our findings confirm the need to assess screening programs for AIN among high-risk groups, similar to those used to prevent cervical cancer.

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among HIV-infected women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 494 HIV-infected women in Brazil, between 1998 and 2008. Gynecologic exam was performed, and samples were collected for cervical cytology and for HPV DNA detection. Cervical biopsy was carried out when indicated. HPV infection, CD4 T-lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were compared with cervical histopathology. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the statistical association of several risk factors. RESULTS: CIN prevalence detected by histopathology was 23.4% (6% of CIN2/3 and 17.4% cases of CIN1). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association of CIN with CD4 T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm³ (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.5-10.1), with a positive detection of HPV DNA (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5), and with age < 34 years old (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4). HIV viral load and antiretroviral use were not independent risk factors for CIN. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of immunosuppression, presence of HPV infection and younger age are strong predictors of CIN among HIV-infected women.

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among HIV-infected women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 494 HIV-infected women in Brazil, between 1998 and 2008. Gynecologic exam was performed, and samples were collected for cervical cytology and for HPV DNA detection. Cervical biopsy was carried out when indicated. HPV infection, CD4 T-lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were compared with cervical histopathology. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the statistical association of several risk factors. RESULTS: CIN prevalence detected by histopathology was 23.4% (6% of CIN2/3 and 17.4% cases of CIN1). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association of CIN with CD4 T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm³ (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.5-10.1), with a positive detection of HPV DNA (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5), and with age < 34 years old (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4). HIV viral load and antiretroviral use were not independent risk factors for CIN. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of immunosupression, presence of HPV infection and younger age are strong predictors of CIN among HIV-infected women.

Prevalence and multiplicity of HPV in HIV women in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To detect the frequency and subtypes of HPV in the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women. METHODS: Sample consisted of 288 HIV-infected women, recruited from the public health system of five cities of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Women were seen from August 2003 to August 2008. Cervical samples were collected for cytological analysis and for HPV DNA detection, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV DNA was classified according to its oncogenic potential in low risk (types 6, 11) and high risk (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Colposcopy was performed, followed by cervical biopsy when necessary. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test, with a significance level established at the 5% level. RESULTS: HPV prevalence was 78.8%. Most frequent genotypes were HPV-6 (63.9%) and HPV-16 (48.5%). High-risk HPV were observed in 70.5% of the women; low-risk in 71.4%; both high and low-risk HPV were detected in 55.1% of the patients. Multiple HPV genotypes were detected in 64.8% of the patients; two genotypes in 23.8%, and three in 18.9%. CONCLUSION: HPV prevalence was high among HIV-infected women. Multiple HPV genotypes were common in samples from the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women.

Prevalence and multiplicity of HPV in HIV women in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalência e multiplicidade do HPV em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV em Minas Gerais

OBJECTIVE: To detect the frequency and subtypes of HPV in the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women. METHODS: Sample consisted of 288 HIV-infected women, recruited from the public health system of five cities of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Women were seen from August 2003 to August 2008. Cervical samples were collected for cytological analysis and for HPV DNA detection, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV DNA was classified according to its oncogenic potential in low risk (types 6, 11) and high risk (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Colposcopy was performed, followed by cervical biopsy when necessary. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test, with a significance level established at the 5 percent level. RESULTS: HPV prevalence was 78.8 percent. Most frequent genotypes were HPV-6 (63.9 percent) and HPV-16 (48.5 percent). High-risk HPV were observed in 70.5 percent of the women; low-risk in 71.4 percent; both high and low-risk HPV were detected in 55.1 percent of the patients. Multiple HPV genotypes were detected in 64.8 percent of the patients; two genotypes in 23.8 percent, and three in 18.9 percent. CONCLUSION: HPV prevalence was high among HIV-infected women. Multiple HPV genotypes were common in samples from the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women.

OBJETIVO: Detectar a frequência e os subtipos do HPV na cérvice uterina de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. MÉTODOS: A amostra era composta por 288 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, recrutadas do sistema público de saúde de cinco cidades de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As mulheres foram avaliadas de agosto de 2003 a agosto de 2008. Amostras cervicais foram coletadas para análise citológica e para detecção do HPV DNA, usando a reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). O HPV DNA foi classificado de acordo com seu potencial oncogênico em baixo risco (tipos 6,11) e alto risco (tipos 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Foi realizada colposcopia, seguida de biópsia cervical, quando indicada. Variáveis categóricas foram comparadas usando o teste do quiquadrado, com nível de significância estabelecido de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do HPV foi 78,8 por cento. Os genótipos mais frequentes foram HPV-6 (63,9 por cento) e HPV-16 (48,5 por cento). Genótipos de HPV de alto risco foram observados em 70,5 por cento das mulheres; de baixo risco em 71,4 por cento; HPV de alto e baixo risco foram detectados em 55,1 por cento das pacientes. Múltiplos genótipos de HPV foram detectados em 64,8 por cento das pacientes; dois genótipos em 23,8 por cento, e três em 18,9 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do HPV foi alta entre mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. Múltiplos genótipos de HPV foram comuns em amostras da cérvice uterina destas mulheres.

Conduta nas neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais em mulheres infectadas pelo vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana / Management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women

O carcinoma de células escamosas do colo uterino é a segunda causa de morte por câncer em mulheres no mundo. No Brasil, também ocupa o segundo lugar. Desenvolve-se a partir de lesões pré-cancerosas (neoplasia intraepitelial cervical - NIC) e está relacionado com fatores de risco, como doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST), principalmente o papilomavírus humano (HPV); condições infecciosas e reativas locais; hábitos sexuais e tabagismo. As mulheres infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) apresentam maior risco de desenvolver NIC, com elevadas taxas de recidiva da lesão. Existe, ainda, maior prevalência do HPV e favorecimento de tipos oncogênicos nessas mulheres, consequente à imunodepressão. Atualmente, em todo o mundo, existem milhões de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, representando cerca de 50% do total de indivíduos contaminados pelo vírus. O objetivo desta revisão consistiu em propor um protocolo de tratamento e seguimento de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV e portadoras de NIC. Foi realizada a revisão da literatura de estudos indexados em banco de dados, como Medline, PubMed e LILACS. Embora existam vários estudos sobre o tema, ainda não está definida a melhor forma de tratamento e seguimento dessas mulheres

The squamous cells carcinoma of the cervix uterine is the second cause of cancer mortality among women worldwide and the second most frequent cancer in Brazil. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precursor lesion for cervical cancer and other several known risk factors for CIN are sexually transmitted disease (STD), mainly human papillomavirus HPV; local infectious and reactive conditions; sexual habits and smoking. Women infected by human immunodeficiency virus HIV have significantly higher risk for CIN, and recurrent disease rates are higher too. It has been shown that HPV infection is most prevalent among HIV-infected women, infected with HPV types of high oncogenic risk consequent to immunodeficiency result. At present, there are millions of HIV-infected women worldwide, representing about 50% of total HIV infected individuals. The aim of this revision was to propose a protocol to treat and follow-up HIV-infected women with CIN. A review of the literature was performed in Medline, PubMed and LILACS. Although there are many studies about this subject, doubts concerning treatment and follow-up in these women still remain

Acuidade da citologia oncótica para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HPV no colo uterino de mulheres portadoras do HIV / Accuracy of oncotic cytology for HPV infection diagnosis on the cervix uteri of HIV-infected women

OBJETIVO: verificar a acuidade do exame citológico do colo uterino para o diagnóstico do HPV, comparado à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), em amostras de mulheres portadoras do HIV. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 158 pacientes, sendo realizada uma primeira coleta de material da cérvice uterina com a espátula de Ayre para a PCR. A seguir, foi realizada outra coleta com espátula de Ayre e escova para a citologia oncótica. Foram revisadas 109 lâminas, tendo em vista que 49 foram destruídas, por terem ultrapassado dois anos de arquivo. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de HPV foi de 11 por cento no estudo citológico e 69,7 por cento na PCR. A idade do grupo variou de 20 a 61 anos, com mediana de 35 anos. A forma de contágio pelo HIV foi a heterossexual em 91,8 por cento dos casos e 79,1 por cento dos pacientes tiveram um a cinco parceiros sexuais em toda a vida. A queixa mais freqüente foi massa pélvica (5,1 por cento) e 75,3 por cento procuraram o serviço para consulta de rotina. A comparação de variáveis categóricas foi realizada através de tabelas de contingência sendo utilizado o teste do χ2 com correção de Yates para comparação de proporções. Quando uma das freqüências esperadas foi menor que cinco, foi utilizado o teste de Fisher. Na comparação de testes diagnósticos foram calculados: a sensibilidade, a especificidade e razões de verossimilhança. Das 76 pacientes com HPV detectado pela PCR, somente 12 foram confirmadas pela citologia (sensibilidade=15,8 por cento) que, por outro lado, não apresentou resultados falsos-positivos (especificidade=100 por cento). Comparando-se os dois resultados, encontraram-se valor preditivo positivo de 100 por cento e negativo de 33,3 por cento para a citologia, na predição da presença do HPV. Entre as 12 pacientes com citologia positiva para HPV, quatro (33,3 por cento) apresentaram neoplasias intra-epiteliais cervicais (OR=5,6; razão de verossimilhança positiva=infinidade positiva; razão de verossimilhança...

PURPOSE: to verify the accuracy of uterine cervix cytology for HPV diagnosis, as compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of women with HIV. METHODS: 158 patients who had undergone a first collection of material from the uterine cervix with Ayre's spatula for PCR were included in the study. Then, another collection with Ayre's spatula and brush for oncotic cytology was performed. Only 109 slides were reviewed, as 49 of them had already been destructed for have being filed for over two years. RESULTS: the prevalence of HPV was 11 percent in the cytological exam and 69.7 percent in the PCR. Age varied from 20 to 61 years old, median 35 years. The HIV contagious route was heterosexual in 91.8 percent of the cases, and 79.1 percent of the patients had had from one to five sexual partners along their lives. The most frequent complaint was pelvic mass (5.1 percent), and 75.3 percent of the women had looked for the service for a routine medical appointment. The categorical variable comparison was done through contingency tables, using the χ2 test with Yates's correction to compare the ratios. The Fisher's test was used when one of the expected rates was lower than five. In the comparison of diagnostic tests, sensitivity, specificity and similarity ratios have been calculated. Among the 76 patients with HPV, detected by PCR, only 12 had the diagnosis confirmed by cytology (sensitivity=15.8 percent), which on the other hand did not present any false-positive results (specificity=100 percent). Concerning the HPV presence, the cytological prediction for positive results was 100 percent and 33.3 percent for negative, when both results were compared. Among the 12 patients with HPV positive cytology, four (33.3 percent) presented cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (OR=56; positive similarity ratio=positive infinity; negative similarity ratio=0.83). CONCLUSIONS: As the cytology specificity is quite high, it is possible to rely on...

[Accuracy of oncotic cytology for HPV infection diagnosis on the cervix uteri of HIV-infected women]. / Acuidade da citologia oncótica para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HPV no colo uterino de mulheres portadoras do HIV.

PURPOSE: to verify the accuracy of uterine cervix cytology for HPV diagnosis, as compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of women with HIV. METHODS: 158 patients who had undergone a first collection of material from the uterine cervix with Ayre's spatula for PCR were included in the study. Then, another collection with Ayre's spatula and brush for oncotic cytology was performed. Only 109 slides were reviewed, as 49 of them had already been destructed for have being filed for over two years. RESULTS: the prevalence of HPV was 11% in the cytological exam and 69.7% in the PCR. Age varied from 20 to 61 years old, median 35 years. The HIV contagious route was heterosexual in 91.8% of the cases, and 79.1% of the patients had had from one to five sexual partners along their lives. The most frequent complaint was pelvic mass (5.1%), and 75.3% of the women had looked for the service for a routine medical appointment. The categorical variable comparison was done through contingency tables, using the chi2 test with Yates's correction to compare the ratios. The Fisher's test was used when one of the expected rates was lower than five. In the comparison of diagnostic tests, sensitivity, specificity and similarity ratios have been calculated. Among the 76 patients with HPV, detected by PCR, only 12 had the diagnosis confirmed by cytology (sensitivity=15.8%), which on the other hand did not present any false-positive results (specificity=100%). Concerning the HPV presence, the cytological prediction for positive results was 100% and 33.3% for negative, when both results were compared. Among the 12 patients with HPV positive cytology, four (33.3%) presented cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (OR=56; positive similarity ratio=positive infinity; negative similarity ratio=0.83). CONCLUSIONS: As the cytology specificity is quite high, it is possible to rely on the positive result, which means that a positive result will surely indicate the presence of HPV. The low sensitivity of cytology does not qualify it as a survey exam for HPV detection in this female group.

Associação entre a carga viral e os linfócitos T CD4+ com as lesões intra-epiteliais do colo uterino em mulheres infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Association between viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte count and cervical intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women

OBJETIVOS: verificar se a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a carga viral do HIV têm influência na presença de lesões intra-epiteliais cervicais (SIL). MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, no qual foram selecionadas 134 mulheres HIV-positivas, todas submetidas à biópsia do colo uterino, quantificação da carga viral do HIV e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+. Os valores laboratoriais da quantificação da carga viral e da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ foram obtidos antes da realização da biópsia, tendo sido estabelecidos cortes para o estudo da carga viral (<400 cópias/mL; 401 a 50.000 cópias/mL; >50.000 cópias/mL) e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ (<200 células/mm ; 200 a 350 células/mm ; >350 células/mm ). Foram realizados os testes chi2, chi2 de tendência linear, chi2 de Mantel-Haenszel e análise de variância. Estabeleceu-se significância estatística para p<0,05 e intervalo de confiança a 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: não houve tendência de risco para as mulheres HIV-positivas apresentarem SIL com o aumento da carga viral ou diminuição dos linfócitos T CD4+. Comparando-se a carga viral com a presença ou ausência de SIL, estratificada pelo tempo em que foi quantificada, houve diferença significante para valores acima de 400 cópias/mL (OR: 3,17; IC 95 por cento: 1,02-9,93; p=0,048). Nenhuma associação foi encontrada para a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ com a presença da SIL. CONCLUSAO: as pacientes com carga viral do HIV maior que 400 cópias/mL, quantificada antes da biópsia do colo uterino, apresentaram chance 3,17 vezes maior de desencadear SIL. A contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ não influenciou no aparecimento da SIL.

Carga viral do HIV como fator de risco das lesões intra-epiteliais escamosas cervicais / HIV viral load as a risk fator for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions

A Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)atinge, anualmente, milhões de mulheres em todo o mundo. A quantificação da carga viral do HIV pode ser feita pelas modernas técnicas de biologia molecular, sendo usada rotineiramente na prática clínica para avaliar a eficácia terapêutica e predizer o risco para a progressão da doença. São inúmeros os estudos em busca de fatores de risco que justifiquem a alta prevalência das lesões intra-epiteliais escamosas cervicais (SIL) em mulheres portadoras do HIV. Aborda-se a importância da carga viral, os métodos de quantificação e a associação entre a carga viral e os vários fatores relacionados ao aparecimento dessas lesões. Incluiu-se, nessa análise, a possível interferência da terapia anti-retroviral potente (HAART) no aparecimento das SIL. Concluiu-se que, até o presente momento, não existem dados na literatura que demonstrem associação direta entre a quantificação da carga viral do HIV e a evolução das SIL

Problemas ginecológicos mais freqüentes em mulheres soropositivas para o HIV / The most frequent gynecological problems in HIV-infected women

Objetivo: apresentar os achados ginecológicos mais freqüentes de uma coorte de 300 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, acompanhadas ambulatorialmente. Métodos: estudo prospectivo e descritivo de mulheres HIV-soropositivas atendidas em clínica ginecológica, no período de novembro de 1996 a dezembro de 2002. As pacientes foram submetidas ao protocolo de atendimento ginecológico que incluiu anamnese, exame ginecológico, colpocitologia oncótica (Papanicolaou), pesquisa de HPV (PCR) e colposcopia. A biópsia cervical, quando necessária, foi realizada. Os dados foram armazenados e analisados no Epi Info, versäo 6.0. Resultados: a idade média foi 34,5 anos. Destaca-se o pequeno número de parceiros sexuais, média de três parceiros, e a predominância do contágio heterossexual: 271 (90,6 por cento) pacientes adquiriram o vírus através do contato sexual com seus parceiros. Foi alta a prevalência de neoplasias intra-epiteliais cervicais (NIC), representando 21,7 por cento do total da amostra. Dentre as 109 pacientes submetidas a PCR encontraram-se 89 (81,7 por cento) com algum genótipo do HPV. Esfregaço inflamatório à citologia esteve presente em 69 por cento das pacientes. Conclusões: a infecçäo pelo HIV se associa com freqüência a NIC e a processos infecciosos genitais, em especial o HPV

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora / Leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora

Os autores estudaram os casos de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana registrados no Hospital Universitário no período de 1971 a março de 1990 e fazem uma breve revisão sobre esta endemia atualmente em expansão no Brasil, abordado sua distribuição regional e novas perspectivas na sua profilaxia e tratamento.